SS 2 Chemistry (1st, 2nd & 3rd term)

Alkanols is a homologous series with general molecular formula of CnH2n+1OH or ROH. The functional group in alkanols is the hydroxyl (-OH) group.   NOMENCLATURE The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting “e” in alkanes with “ol”. Example: Methanol – CH3OH, Ethanol – CH3CH2OH   CLASSIFICATION The alkanols are classified based on the number […]

Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general molecular formula CnH2n-2.

Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence, they are chemically more reactive than the corresponding alkenes or alkanes.

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds.  The multiple bonds can be double bonds e.gAlkenes or triple bonds e.gAlkynes.   NOMENCLATURE The process of naming in alkenes is obtained by substituting “ane” in alkane with ‘ene’ e.g Ethane changes to Ethene, propane to propene   LABORATORY

The alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Their general molecular formula is CnH2n+2. Hence For n=1 CH4               Methane n=2 C2H6 Ethane n=3 C3H8 Propane n=4 C4H10 Butane n=5 C5H12 Pentane and so on. There is no functional group in the alkane series.   THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS In IUPAC nomenclature, every name of organic compound

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds with the exception of compounds such as carbon (II) oxide, carbon (IV) oxide the trioxocarbonate (IV).Carbon has unique ability to form numerous organic compounds because it has ability to catenate. Catenation is the ability of atoms of an element to form bonds between its own atoms and

TITRATION There are two types of quantitative analysis namely: volumetric and gravimetric analysis.  Volumetric analysis is based on volume measurement while gravimetric analysis involves direct mass measurement.   Volumetric analysis is carried art using Titration.  In titration, a standard solution (one of known concentration must be using be used to react with a solution of

A mole is a number of particles of a substance which may be atoms, ions, molecules or electrons. This number of particles is approximately 6.02 x 1023 in magnitude and is known as Avogadro’s number of particles.

A solution is a uniform or homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Solution = Solvent + Solute A solute is a dissolved substance which may be a solid, liquid or gas. A solvent is a substance (usually liquid) which dissolves a solute. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Aqueous Solution: This is formed when a solute is

Water is regarded as the universal solvent.  It is a good solvent for many substances.   SOURCES OF WATER The following are the sources of water: Natural water:Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Sea water Treated water: Distilled water, Pipe – borne water and chlorinated water.   TYPES OF WATER Water is of two types

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE, H2S Hydrogen Sulphide is found in volcanic gases, Sulphur springs, coal gas and natural gas. LABORATORY PREPARATION Hydrogen Sulphide is prepared in the laboratory by the action of dilute acids on metallic sulphide like Iron (II) Sulphide 2HCl(aq)    +    FeS(s) → FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g) The apparatus used for regular supply of hydrogen Sulphide

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE SULPHUR GROUP (GROUP VI ELEMENTS) The group VI elements include: Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium. Metallic property increases down the group. Oxygen and sulphur are non-metal; selenium and tellurium are metalloid; while polonium is a metal. All the elements are solid except oxygen which is a gas at room temperature.

OXIDES OF NITROGEN NITROGEN (I) OXIDE, N2O Nitrogen (I) oxide is known as laughing gas as it causes uncontrollable laughter when inhaled. LABORATORY PREPARATION The gas is prepared in the laboratory by thermal decomposition of ammonium trioxonitrate (V). Ammonium trioxonitrate (V) is not heated directly since the reaction is exothermic and may become uncontrollable leading

The group V elements include: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. There are more differences than similarities between the elements in this group. Nitrogen is a diatomic gas and does not exhibit allotropy. Phosphorus is a typical non-metal and exhibits allotropy. Arsenic and Antimony are metalloid; while bismuth is a metal. Nitrogen is a colourless

Halogens (salt formers) are found in group VII of the periodic table. They are the most reactive nonmetals. They have seven valence electrons, they exist as diatomic molecules, and they are coloured and ionizes to form univalent negative ions. They form electrovalent compounds with metals. In the group are chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine and astatine.

Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth. It constitutes 21% by volume of atmospheric air.  Occurrence: It occurs as free elements in nature and in combined states. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN FAMILY Elements in group VI include: Oxygen (O), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), and Polonium (Po).their properties are as follows: They are

Equilibrium can be defined as the state of a system where there is no observable or detectable change in the properties of the system with respect to time. Examples of system in equilibrium a balanced see – saw a saturated solution of NaCl STATIC AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Static equilibrium is attained when a system in

Charge flow during electrolysis The coulomb is the electrolytic unit of charge. A current of one ampere is the rate of flow of charge equal to one coulomb per second. The charge is calculated from the knowledge of the number of seconds for which a steady current is passed. Current in circuit Time taken Total

The importance of electrochemical cells or galvanic cells lies in their ability to provide us with a portable source of electrical energy. We have already studied that indirect redox reaction is, primarily, the basis of all the electrochemical cells Quite often, we use the term battery to represent the arrangement of two or more galvanic

It is a well known fact that energy menifests itself in different forms which are interconvertible into one another. Among different forms of energy, the electrical energy plays a very significant role in our daily life. Many chemical transformations and industrial processes are based on electrical energy and its relationship with chemical energy. There are

The passage of electricity through the electrolytes in their molten or dissolved state can cause chemical changes under suitable conditions. For example, the passage of electricity through the acidified water results in the formation of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The process of chemical decomposition of the electrolyte by he passage of electricity through its molten