- Relief/Topography
Relief features such as mountains and hills results in the rising and cooling of moist winds to form relief rainfall.
- Aspect
Windward slopes which are on the path of rain bearing winds receive heavier rainfall than leeward slopes which face away.
- Forests and Water Bodies
Areas near forests and large water bodies experience higher rainfall and more often due to high rate of evaporation.
- Air pressure
High pressure areas receive low rainfall than low pressure areas due to pushing of air masses from high pressure to low pressure. The high pressure areas have descending dry air.
- Air masses
When warm and cold air masses meet frontal rainfall is formed.
- Ocean Currents
- It influences rainfall whereby coasts washed by warm ocean currents experience heavy rainfall when moist onshore winds are warmed by the current and made to hold on to moisture which they release on reaching the land.
- The coasts washed by cold ocean currents on the other hand experience low rainfall as a result of moist winds being cooled and moisture in them condensed resulting in rain falling over the ocean thereby bringing little or no rain to the coastal areas.
This is the cause of western margin deserts e.g. Kalahari and Namib deserts.