The passage of electricity through the electrolytes in their molten or dissolved state can cause chemical changes under suitable conditions. For example, the passage of electricity through the acidified water… Read More »ELECTROLYTIC CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS OF SPECIFIED ELECTROLYTES
When an electric current is passed through an electrolyte solution, the ions of the electrolyte undergo chemical changes at the respective electrodes. The chemical reaction carried out by passing electricity… Read More »Electrolysis
IONIC THEORY To account for the phenomena of electrolysis the Ionic Theory was put forward by Arrhenius in 1880. The theory states that electrolytes are made up of ions, which… Read More »IONIC THEORY
Balancing by Ion Electron or Half Reaction Method We are familiar with the balancing of chemical equations by inspection method. However, inspection method may not be useful for balancing the… Read More »BALANCING OF REDOX REACTIONS
Classical Concept of Oxidation and Reduction In our daily life we come across processes like rusting of iron articles, fading of the colour of the clothes, burning of the combustible… Read More »Concept of Oxidation and Reduction
Most of the properties of the elements such as atomic volume, atomic size, ionization enthalpy, electron affinity and electronegativity are directly related to the electronic configuration of the atoms. These… Read More »PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
THE NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS Before the beginning of eighteenth century, only a very few elements were known and it was quite easy to study and remember their individual… Read More »PERIODICITY
AMINES It has a functional group of NH2. GENERAL MOLECULAR FORMULAR/STRUCTURE It has a general molecular formula of RNH2 or structure of R – N – H H PREPARATION: They… Read More »AMINES AND AMIDES
Carbohydrates are naturally occurring organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygenwith oxygen in the ratio 1:2 as in water. The general molelcular formula of carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y or CxH2yOy. Carbohydrates… Read More »CARBOHYDRATES
NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Polymerisation (addition and condensation) plastics. Thermosplastic and thermosetting polymers, resins. Polymer is the final product, macromolecule of high molecular mars. It consists of a… Read More »NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Sources, properties and uses detergents and soaps Structure, their mode and action. Fats and oils belong to a general group of compounds known as lipids. SOURCES Fats are solids that… Read More »Fats and Oils As Higher Esters
ALKANOATES General molecular formula, nomenclature, preparation, properties and uses. SOURCES The alkanoic acid or carboxylic acids are also called fatty acids because some of them are found in natural… Read More »ALKANOIC ACIDS
SOURCES OF ALKANOLS – From destructive distillation wood. – From starchy food and sugar General molecular formular Alkanol is a homologous series with general molecular formular of Cn H2n+1OH… Read More »ALKANOLS
Benzene: Benzene is a typical aromatic compound with molecular formula of C6H6. It has the structure of: Preparation From coal tar: The destructive distillation of coal produced coal tar which… Read More »AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general molecular formua CnH2n-2. Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence,t hey are chemically more reactive than… Read More »ALKYNES
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds. The multiple bond can be double bonds e.g Alkene or triple bonds e.g Alkyne.… Read More »Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – Alkenes
Saturated Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons consisting of carbon chains with single bond between them in which carbon joins with another carbon by single covalent bond e.g Alkanes ( like… Read More »Saturated Hydrocarbons
Definition of Simple Machine A machine is a tool or device that makes work easier. It is defined as a tool which uses force applied (effort) at one point to… Read More »SIMPLE MACHINE
Percentage of Oxygen in Air We have read that Air consists mainly of molecules of oxygen and nitrogen with important yet trace amounts of other gases. We know that the… Read More »AIR AND COMBUSTION
Alkali is pronounced like alcohol, with ‘lie’ at the end instead of ‘hol’. An alkali is any substance which produces OH– ions in water. OH– ions are called hydroxide ions. If… Read More »AN ALKALI