The group V elements include: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. There are more differences than similarities between the elements in this group. Nitrogen is a diatomic gas and does… Read More »NITROGEN | USES, LABORATORY & INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION
Halogens (salt formers) are found in group VII of the periodic table. They are the most reactive nonmetals. They have seven valence electrons, they exist as diatomic molecules, and they… Read More »CHLORINE AND OTHER HALOGENS
Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth. It constitutes 21% by volume of atmospheric air. Occurrence: It occurs as free elements in nature and in combined states. GENERAL PROPERTIES… Read More »OXYGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Equilibrium can be defined as the state of a system where there is no observable or detectable change in the properties of the system with respect to time. Examples of… Read More »CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM | STATIC, DYNAMIC & REVERSIBLE REACTION
Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis involves acid base titration. Mole Ratio Mole ratio is the ratio of the reacting species. This determines the ratio of the acid that would react with… Read More »VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
Identification of gases e.g CO2, SO2 and O2. Characteristics test for anions e.g SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,NO-3, Cl–, etc. The anions are negatively change ions examples of anions are SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,S2- etc. Identification… Read More »Test for Anions
Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Test for carbons using H2S, NaOH and NH4OH, Confirmatory Test for the cat ions. What is Qualitative Analysis? Qualitative analysis involves examination of colour, flame… Read More »INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Aluminum can be obtained as Kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO3.2H2O, cryolite. Na3AlF6, Corundum Al2O3 and mica K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2. NB: the main source of aluminum is bauxite Al2O3.2H2O Extraction Aluminum can be found in clay… Read More »METALS AND THEIR COMPOUND
Metals are found mixed with earthy materials as ores. Ores are often concentrated and converted to oxides before extraction Concentration of the ore can be done by any of the… Read More »PRELIMINARY PREPARATION
The atoms of metals are held together in crystal lattice by metallic bonds Properties they are good conductors of electricity and heat high melting and boiling points they are malleable… Read More »METALLIC BONDING | FULL EXPLANATION
SIMPLE MOLECULES AND THEIR SHAPES Covalent Molecules e.g methane, diamond, crystalline solid – their network structure e.g diamond. Simple Molecules and their shapes The factors that is responsible for… Read More »SIMPLE MOLECULES AND THEIR SHAPES
Nuclear Reaction This is the spontaneous emission of radiation that involves the nuclei of radioactive element. Nuclear Fusion This is the process in which two or more light nuclei… Read More »NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Nuclear Chemistry is an aspect of chemistry that deal with nuclei of atoms. Radioactivity This is the spontaneous emission of radiation by radioactive element such as Thorium, Uranium etc. Characteristics… Read More »Nuclear Chemistry
It is often useful to follow chemical reactions by looking at changes in the oxidation numbers of the atoms in each compound during the reaction. Oxidation numbers also play an… Read More »OXIDATION NUMBERS
In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in such a way that the atom s of the… Read More »COMPOUND
ISOTOPE Isotopes Definition: Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Examples: Carbon 12 and Carbon… Read More »THE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES OF ELEMENTS
Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are heavier than… Read More »PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER
A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up of atom s that… Read More »MOLECULES AND ATOMICITY
ELEMENTS Element Definition: A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess. These are the… Read More »MIXTURES AND SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
It is often useful to follow chemical reactions by looking at changes in the oxidation numbers of the atoms in each compound during the reaction. Oxidation numbers also play an… Read More »OXIDATION NUMBERS