Chemistry

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Chemical industry is define as one that uses chemistry to make chemicals from other chemical substances (raw materials) The important raw materials used in chemical industry include (i) air (ii) CaCO3 (iii) Sea water and rock salt (iv) Sulphur (v) Metallic mineral ore (vi) Coal          (vii) Natural gas and petroleum. SOURCES OF RAW […]

HYDROCARBON AND CRUDE OIL Hydrocarbon are very simple organic compound composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon only. The sources of hydrocarbons are coal, natural gases and petroleum. Hydrocarbon can be divided into two main classes: Aliphatic hydrocarbon Aromatic hydrocarbon ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON They are further divided into three groups: Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. The Aliphatic may

H2CO3 is formed when CO2(g) is dissolved in water. H2CO3 is a weak dibasic acid. It forms two series of salts: Normal trioxocarbonate (iv) Acidic hydrogen trioxocarbonate (iv) Normal trioxocarbonate (iv) Normal trioxocarbonate (iv) may be regarded as salts derived from H2CO3 by the complete replacement of the hydrogen by a metal or cationic radical.

COAL Coal is an impure form of carbon. Coal is a complex mixture of compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with small amounts of nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus as impurities. Carbonization of coal. Coal was formed by the gradual decomposition of plant vegetation under pressure and in the absence of air. Carbon (iv)

CARBON (iv) OXIDE The percentage composition of carbon (iv) oxide in the atmospheric air is about 0.03% by volume while in dissolved air is about 0.50% by volume. Laboratory preparation Carbon (iv) oxide is prepared in the laboratory by the action of dilute acids on a trioxocarbonate (iv) or a hydrogen trioxocarbonate (iv). Usually CaCO3,

OCCURRENCE OF CARBON It occurs naturally as diamond and graphite. It occurs in an impure form as coal. It occurs in the combined state as petroleum, wood and natural gases. It occurs in minerals such as limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3) It occur in the atmosphere (air) as CO2 It is an essential constituent of

A base is a substance which will neutralize an acid to yield a salt and water only. Most oxide and hydroxide of metals are bases e.g. Na2O, K2O, MgO, NaOH, KOH e.t.c. An alkalis is a basic hydroxide which is soluble in water NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2. A basic oxide (or hydroxide) is a metallic oxide

Definition: An acid is substance which in aqueous solution produces hydroxonium ion (H3O+) or hydrogen ion (H+) as the only positive ion. Also, acids can be referred to as proton donor. CLASSES OF ACIDS There are two classes of acids: (1). Organic acids occur as natural products in plants and animal material. Organic acids Source

Alkanols is a homologous series with general molecular formula of CnH2n+1OH or ROH. The functional group in alkanols is the hydroxyl (-OH) group.   NOMENCLATURE The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting “e” in alkanes with “ol”. Example: Methanol – CH3OH, Ethanol – CH3CH2OH   CLASSIFICATION The alkanols are classified based on the number

Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general molecular formula CnH2n-2.

Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence, they are chemically more reactive than the corresponding alkenes or alkanes.