STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER The liver is the largest organ in the body of a mammal with a weight of about 1.25kg. It is reddish brown, soft with two lobes and it is located below the diaphragm on the right side of the abdomen. It partly overlaps the stomach and has bile duct connecting it […]
LIVER AND SKIN: STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS, DISEASES AND CARE Read More »
HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis is the process by which a fairly constant internal environment is maintained in an organism. The internal environment of an organism is made up of the body fluid such as blood, lymph and tissue fluid. For efficient functions of body cells and healthy growth, a living organism must be able to adjust to
REGULATION OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Read More »
A carb is a macronutrient—a sugar, starch or fiber found in grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. They’re hard to avoid and they’re one of the most basic food groups humans need to stay alive. Sources of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and unhealthy foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn,
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES AND VEINS What are Arteries? Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Arteries have a thick, muscular wall, which has elastic and collagen fibres that resist the pressure of the blood flowing in them.
ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES AND VEINS Read More »
Thrombosis Formation of a clot in the blood vessels is called thrombosis. Coronary thrombosis is the most common. It is caused by blockage of coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart. Blockage may be due to artery becoming fibrous or accumulation of fatty material on the artery walls. Narrow coronary artery results in less
DISEASES AND DEFECTS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Read More »
The heart has four chambers: Two artria (auricles) and two ventricles. The left and right sides of the heart are separated by a muscle wall (septum) so that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood does not mix. Deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body enters the heart through the vena cava . Blood enters the right
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEART Read More »
The Circulatory System Large and complex animals have circulatory systems that consist of tubes, a transport fluid and a means of pumping the fluid. Blood is the transport fluid which contains dissolved substances and cells. The tubes are blood vessels through which dissolved substances are circulated around the body. The heart is the pumping organ
TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS Read More »
The factors that affect transpiration are grouped into two. Environmental and Structural Factors Cuticle Environmental factors Temperature High temperature increases the internal temperature of the leaf. This in turn increases kinetic energy of water molecules which increases evaporation. High temperatures dry the air around the leaf surface maintaining a high concentration gradient. More water vapour
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION – FULL DETAILS Read More »
BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 3- FIRST TERM 1. Regulation of Internal Environment 2. Nervous Co-ordination 3. Sense Organs 4. Ecology of Population 5. Balance in Nature 6. Reproductive System and Reproduction in Humans BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 3- SECOND TERM 1. Development of New Seeds 2. Fruits 3. Reproductive Behaviours 4. Biology of Heredity (Genetics) 5.
BIOLOGY SSS 3 SCHEME OF WORK Read More »
BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 2- FIRST TERM Organization of Life – Classification of Plants The Organism at Work – Digestive System – Transport System – Respiratory System – Excretory System BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 2- SECOND TERM The Organism and Its Environment – Nutrient Cycling in Nature – Ecological Management: Association, Tolerance, Adaptation, Pollution – Conservation
BIOLOGY SSS 2 SCHEME OF WORK Read More »
BIOLOGY SS 1- FIRST TERM Organization of Life 1. Recognizing living things 2. Classification of Living Things – Kingdoms: Monere, Protista and Fungi, Plantae and Animalia 3. The cell 4. The Cell and its Environment 5. Some Properties and ‘Functions of the Cell 6. Tissues and Supporting Systems 7. Nutrition in Animals BIOLOGY SS
SCHEME OF WORK FOR BIOLOGY SS 1 Read More »
These are organic compounds that are essential for proper growth, development and functioning of the body. Vitamins are required in very small quantities They are not stored and must be included in the diet Vitamins Band C are soluble in water, the rest are soluble in fat Various vitamins are used in different ways
IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS, MINERAL SALTS, ROUGHAGE AND WATER IN HUMAN NUTRITION VITAMINS Read More »
COMMON DENTAL DISEASES – Carries, Causes, Treatment & Periodontal Diseases Dental Carries Dental carries are the holes or cavities that are formed as acid corrodes enamel and eventually the dentine Causes This is caused by bacteria acting on the food left between teeth and on the cusp Acids are formed that eventually corrode the enamel
TYPES OF MAMMALIAN TEETH Mammals have four kinds of teeth The incisors are found at the front of the jaw They are sharp-edged and are used for biting The canines are located at the sides of the jaw They are pointed and are used for tearing and piercing The premolars are next to the canines
TYPES OF MAMMALIAN TEETH Read More »
ENZYMES – FULL EXPLANATION Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reaction in the body. They are all produced inside cells. Some are intracellular and they catalyse reactions within the cells. Others are extracellular and are secreted out of the cells where they work e.g. digestive enzymes Properties of Enzymes Enzymes
ENZYMES – FULL EXPLANATION Read More »
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS – HETEROTROPHISM Meaning and Types of Heterotrophism This is a mode of nutrition whereby organisms feed on complex organic matter from other plants or animals All animals are heterotrophs Their mode of feeding is also said to be holozoic to distinguish it from other special types of heterotrophic nutrition namely: Saprophytism Parasitism
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS – HETEROTROPHISM Read More »
Proteins are the most abundant organic compounds in cells and constitute 50% of total dry weight Proteins are compounds which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sometimes sulphur and phosphorus. The structural units of proteins are amino acids The nature of a protein is determined by the types of amino acids it
PROTEINS – WELL EXPLAINED DETAILS Read More »
POLYSACCHARIDES If many monosaccharides are joined together through condensation, a polysaccharide is formed Polysaccharides may consist of hundreds or even thousands of monosaccharide units Examples of polysaccharides: Starch – storage material in plants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals like starch, but has longer chains Isulin – a storage carbohydrate in some plants e.g.
DISACCHARIDES – WELL EXPLAINED These contain two monosaccharide units. The chemical process through which a large molecule (e.g a disaccharide) is formed from smaller molecules is called condensation and it involves loss of water Common examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose and lactose Disaccharides are broken into their monosaccharide units by heating with dilute
DISACCHARIDES – WELL EXPLAINED Read More »
MONOSACCHARIDES These are simple sugars The carbon atoms in these sugars form a chain to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms they possess The most common monosaccharides are: Glucose – found free in fruits and vegetables Fructose – found free in fruits and in